Progress of lithology identification technology while drilling
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摘要: 随钻岩性识别是一种便捷、高效的地层信息获取技术，具有即时、准确、环保以及节能等优点，可应用于岩石边界确定、支护参数设计、爆破参数设计以及区域地层强度参数识别等工程领域，一直是国内外学者研究的重点方向。本文系统分析了随钻岩性识别技术研究现状以及发展趋势，结合近年来随钻岩性识别技术的应用，探讨了该技术作为智能化探测的新方法与新理论。首先，总结了随钻岩性识别关键技术国内外发展历程；其次，阐述了国内外岩性识别系统的研究现状，包括技术原理及系统组成，并对部分国内外典型岩性识别系统进行对比和评价；再次，总结钻进过程中钻进参数与岩石之间的响应关系及建立的钻进指标和评价体系，并根据旋切式及旋切-冲击式两种钻进方式讨论影响随钻岩性识别的因素；最后，根据随钻岩性识别技术研究领域的发展动态，总结现阶段工程应用中存在的问题，展望随钻岩性识别技术研究未来的发展趋势。Abstract: Lithology identification while in drilling is a convenient and efficient technology to obtain information about formation. It has the advantages of instant, accurate, environmental protection and energy saving. It can be applied to field of engineering such as rock bound aries determination, support parameter design, blast parameter design, and regional formation strength parameter identification. And it has always been the focus of research by scholars in domestic and foreign. This paper systematically analyzes the research status and development trend of lithology identification while in drilling technology, combined with the application of lithology identification while drilling technology in recent years, discusses the technology of lithology identification while drilling as a new method and new theory of intelligent detection. First, the development history of key technologies for lithology identification while drilling in domestic and foreign is summarized. Secondly, it focuses on the research status, including the technical principle and system composition, and compares and evaluates some typical lithology identification systemsin domestic and foreign. Thirdly, the response relationship between the drilling parameters and the rock during the drilling process is summarized, and the established drilling index and evaluation system, and the factors affecting the lithology identification while drilling is discussed according to the two drilling methods of rotary cutting and rotary cutting-impact. Finally, according to the development trend of the research field of lithology identification while drilling technology, the problems existing in the engineering application at this stage are summarized, and the future research of lithology identification while drilling technology is prospected.
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图 1 随钻岩性识别技术发展阶段
Figure 1. Development stage of lithology identification technology while drilling
图 2 随钻岩性识别监测系统工作原理
Figure 2. Working principle of lithology identification and monitoring system while drilling
图 4 随钻岩性识别技术影响因素
Figure 4. Influencing factors of lithology identification technology while drilling
表 1 国内外随钻技术发展历程
Table 1. Research progress of MWD technology in domestic and foreign
时间 研究进展 国外 国内 20世纪初期 石油工业领域开始运用电法测井技术，称之为随钻测井 未开展 20世纪60年代 随钻测量技术开始广泛研究、应用 未开展 20世纪70年代 采矿工程领域开始应用，主要用于露天开采超前探测地下台阶的岩性 开始独立研究随钻测量技术，针对信号传输问题做出改进 1978年 第一套商业化MWD系统问世，由意大利TELECO公司研发推广 进一步研究、发展随钻测量技术 20世纪80年代 随着计算机不断更新，计算能力增强，随钻测量技术不断发展，众多公司研发出各种型号的MWD系统 大量引进高端随钻装备，同时国产MWD系统开始进行现场试验、小规模生产。如大港定向井公司引进Sperry-sun公司钻井液脉冲随钻仪器后开发了无线测斜系统 20世纪80年代后期 钻井工艺持续改进，随钻测量技术逐渐发展并应用于水平钻井等先进工艺中 水平钻井随钻测量技术引入国内，相关研究逐步完善 20世纪末至21世纪 随钻测量技术进入自动化及人工智能领域，建立数据集成平台，提供实时预测，研发商业化智能凿岩台车 开始发展无线测量技术，引进国外先进MWD系统的同时，国内学者研发国产试验系统，如香港大学DPM系统、山东大学SDT系统等 
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表 2 国内外随钻测量系统应用情况统计
Table 2. Application Statistics of MWD system in domestic and foreign
时间 系统名称 研发单位 应用方向 监测数据 应用情况 1911年 LWD 国外 石油钻探 电阻率、声速、密度、钻压、扭矩、转速、环空压力、温度 在石油工业领域得到成功应用 1978年 MWD TELECO公司 矿山开采 井斜角、方位角、工具面角、井底钻压、扭矩、转速 在矿山开采工程中得到成功应用 1985年 KYPC 俄罗斯 钻探优化 钻压、钻速、扭矩、转数、升降速度、泵量和泵压等 完成现场试验 1995年 Kajima 日本 地质勘探 钻速、轴压、扭矩、回转频率、钻井液压力与流量 在地质勘探工程中得到成功应用 1999年 ENPASOL Soletanche-Bachy 地质勘探 钻井液流速、转速、推力、扭矩、钻进速度 在地质勘探工程中得到成功应用 2002年 DPM 香港大学 边坡防护 钻头位移、转速、压力、钻进液流量 在边坡防护工程中得到成功应用 2002年 CUG-1 中国地质大学
(武汉)地质勘探 瞬时机械钻速、钻压、转速、扭矩、功率、泵量、泵压 在地质勘探工程中得到成功应用，识别效果良好 2002年 ZCY 山东煤田地质局 地质勘探 钻进回次进尺、孔深、钻压、钻速、立轴转速、立轴扭矩、钻机功率、泵压、泵量、返水量、泥浆密度、pH值 已投入生产应用，可靠性较强、通过部级鉴定 2003年 WZY-1 中国地质大学
(武汉)地质钻探 钻压、功率、扭矩、转速、钻速、孔深进尺、泵压、泵量 实验室试验阶段，识别效果好，安装方便，性能良好 2015年 钻机钻进系统 辽宁工程技术大学 露天矿山爆破 回转压力、加压压力、回转速度、钻进深度、倾斜角度、风压 完成现场试验 2015年 EM-MWD 中国地质大学
(武汉)地质深层勘察 钻进压力、温度、井斜角、方位角 可有效监测井下钻井参数，并通过电磁波信号向地面发送信息 2015年 数字钻进系统 山东大学 岩体力学参数测试 钻进深度、钻进速度、扭矩、压力和转速 在地质勘探工程中得到成功应用 2015年 钻机监测系统 北京矿冶研究总院 露天矿山爆破 钻压、转速、扭矩、钻速、进尺、孔深 在露天爆破工程中得到成功应用 2017年 TRD 山东大学 地下工程围岩稳定性分析及支护设计 钻进速度、钻进压力、转速和扭矩 实验室试验阶段 2017年 A.B.C 美国
Atlas Copco矿山开采 钻压、功率、扭矩、转速、钻速、孔深进尺、泵压 技术先进，现场工程应用良好，设备智能化程度较高 2017年 iSURE 瑞典
Sandvik矿山开采 钻头位移、转速、压力、扭矩 在矿山开采工程中得到成功应用，识别效果良好，商业化产品 2017年 Bever Control 挪威
Bever Control矿山开采 角度、压力、深度、钻进扭矩、钻头转速和钻进速度 设备智能化程度高，技术应用效果明显 2017年 XCY-1 西安理工大学 岩性预测 钻进压力、钻进扭矩、钻头转速和钻进速度 已实现工程应用 2019年 SDT 山东大学 岩性预测 钻进速度、钻头转速、钻进扭矩、钻进推力和钻进深度 实验室试验阶段 2019年 多功能数字钻进测试系统 中国水利水电科学研究院 岩性预测 钻进压强、钻进位移、转速和扭矩 已实现工程应用
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