Recent development and prospects of energy-absorbing bolt in underground engineering
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摘要: 锚杆是地下工程硐室的主体支护方式，为吸收围岩变形释放的能量，控制围岩变形，需要研发具有高恒阻力、高延伸率和高预应力的吸能锚杆。本文从吸能锚杆的研发历程、性能试验与现场应用3个方面进行了总结和分析。吸能锚杆通过结构滑移和材料变形2种方式吸收能量，按工作原理可分为结构型与材料型2种吸能锚杆。两者相比，材料型吸能锚杆结构相对简单，能够充分发挥材料力学性能。笔者团队研发了恒阻吸能新材料锚杆，开展了静力拉伸与动力冲击试验，结果表明该锚杆具备高强、高延伸率和高吸能特性，能够满足复杂条件下的围岩控制要求。未来应制定恒阻吸能锚杆的试验、设计、施工与验收标准，实现其在矿山、交通、市政、水利等不同领域地下工程中的推广和应用。Abstract: There are many challenges in the process of underground engineering construction, such as high stress, extremely soft rock, strong mining and other complex conditions. The surrounding rock is difficult to control and its deformation is serious due to the stress concentration and energy accumulation, leading to frequent roof fall, collapse, rock burst and other accidents. Anchor bolt is the main support mode of underground engineering chamber. In order to absorb energy released by surrounding rock deformation and control the deformation of surrounding rock, it is necessary to develop energy-absorbing bolt with high constant resistance, high elongation and high prestress. This paper summarizes and analyzes the development process, performance test and field application of energy-absorbing bolt. Energy-absorbing bolt absorb energy by structural slip and material deformation. According to the working principle, the energy-absorbing bolt can be divided into three types: rod structure type, mechanical structure type and body material type. Compared with structural energy-absorbing bolt, the structure of material energy-absorbing bolt is relatively simple, which can give full play to the mechanical properties of material. The author's team developed a new constant resistance energy-absorbing bolt, and carried out static tensile and dynamic impact tests. The results show that the bolt has high strength, high elongation and high energy absorption characteristics, which can meet the requirements of surrounding rock control under complex conditions. In the future, the test, design, construction and acceptance standards of the constant resistance energy-absorbing bolt should be formulated to realize its application in underground engineering in different fields such as mine, traffic, municipal engineering and water conservancy.
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表 1 吸能锚杆研发历程
Table 1. Research and development history of energy-absorbing bolt
序号 时间 锚杆名称 锚杆类型 构件组成 单位/人员 技术革新 1-1 1982年 Swellex锚杆[15] 杆体结构型 
Atlas Copco公司 利用高压注水使杆体膨胀，利用杆体-围岩的摩擦做功吸收能量 1-2 1987年 Cone锚杆[15-17] 
Chamber of Mines Research Organization 在锚杆尾部添加锥形体，利用锥形体-锚固剂的摩擦做功吸收能量 1-3 2000年 Modified Cone锚杆[18-19] 
Noranda公司 在Cone锚杆的基础上添加了树脂搅拌装置，利用锥形体-锚固剂的摩擦做功吸收能量 1-4 2020年 J型锚杆[20] 
赵兴东等 将Cone锚杆和D型锚杆的功能结合，同时利用锚杆锥形体-锚固剂的摩擦做功和杆体变形吸收能量 2-1 1995年 Garford锚杆[15, 21-22] 机械结构型 
Garford Pty公司 利用锚箍对杆体的挤压变形和杆体-锚箍的摩擦做功吸收能量 2-2 2009年 Roofex锚杆[23] 
Atlas Copco公司 利用销钉-杆体的摩擦做功吸收能量 2-3 2009年 恒阻大变形锚杆[24-25] 
何满潮等 研发负泊松比结构装置，利用锥体-套管的摩擦做功吸收能量，具有高恒阻力、大变形能力 3-1 2006年 D型锚杆[26] 杆体材料型 
Li 研发能够多点锚固的锚杆，利用锚固单元间的变形单元吸收能量，部分变形单元失效不会影响其他部分工作 3-2 2010年 BHRB锚杆[27] 
康红普等 通过优化杆体材料使锚杆达到高强和超高强级别，利用锚杆杆体变形吸收能量 3-3 2018年 PAR1锚杆[28] 
New Concept Mining公司 在D型锚杆基础上，优化了桨形锚固结构，采用两点锚固方式，利用锚固单元间的变形单元吸收能量 
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表 2 典型吸能锚杆静力学试验统计
Table 2. Static test statistics of typical energy-absorbing bolt
序号 锚杆类型 锚杆分类 研究人员/单位 杆体直径/mm 杆体长度/mm 屈服荷载/kN 极限荷载/kN 伸长量/mm 1-1 Swellex锚杆[29] 杆体结构型 Xu等 20 2 200 — 235 153 1-2 Cone锚杆[17] Ortlepp 22 2 000~2 300 181~253 — >30 1-3 Modified Cone锚杆[30] Cai等 17 — — 150 >150 1-4 J型锚杆[20] 赵兴东等 22 2 229 172 196 15 2-1 Garford锚杆[31] 机械结构型 Sengani 22 — 153~165 184~233 252~280 2-2 Roofex锚杆[23] Ozbay等 13 1 800 80 100 300 2-3 恒阻大变形锚杆[13] 何满潮等 22 1 459 150 160 627 3-1 D型锚杆[26] 杆体材料型 Li 12 90 51 69 22 3-2 BHRB锚杆[32] 王爱文等 22 2 200 200~210 360~370 360~370 3-3 PAR1锚杆[33] New Concept Mining公司 20 2 400 — 210 185
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表 3 典型吸能锚杆动力学试验统计
Table 3. Dynamic test statistics of typical energy-absorbing bolt
序号 锚杆名称 锚杆类型 研究人员 杆体直径/mm 杆体长度/mm 伸长量/mm 吸收能量/104J 1-1 Swellex锚杆[34] 杆体结构型 Charette等 28 — 80 2.9 1-2 Cone锚杆[35] OrtIepp等 22 2 000~2 300 — 3.9 1-3 Modified Cone锚杆[36] St-Pierre等 17 2 200 250 3.0 1-4 J型锚杆[20] 赵兴东等 22 1 985~1 991 184 4.7 2-1 Garford锚杆[37] 机械结构型 Varden等 20 350 180 6.5~7.0 2-2 Roofex锚杆[38] Charette等 20 — 200 2.7 2-3 恒阻大变形锚杆[13, 39] 何满潮等 22 2 400 580 5.4 3-1 D型锚杆[26, 40] 杆体材料型 Li 22 900 143 2.0~3.7 3-2 BHRB锚杆[32] 王爱文等 22 2 200 385 6.0 3-3 PAR1锚杆[41] Knox等 25 2 400 254 9.8~10.2
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表 4 静力拉伸与动力冲击试验方案
Table 4. Static tensile and dynamic impact test scheme
试验编号 试验类型 试件类型 杆体直径/mm 杆体长度/mm CREA-S 静力拉伸 CREA锚杆 18 1 500 CRLD-S 试验 CRLD锚杆 22 CREA-D 动力冲击 CREA锚杆 18 3 000 CRLD-D 试验 CRLD锚杆 22
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表 5 吸能锚杆典型现场应用
Table 5. Typical field application of energy-absorbing bolt
时间 锚杆名称 锚杆类型 工程地点 工程特点 埋深/m 屈服荷载/kN 预紧力/kN 围岩控制效果 1999年 Cone锚杆[45] 杆体结构型 Dig Bell Mine 高应力强冲击倾向性 410~535 — — 在等级M=1.7的微震影响下，围岩最大变形为500 mm 2000年 Modified Cone锚杆[19] Brunswick Mine 高应力强冲击倾向性 892 — — 锚杆最大变形180 mm，有效吸收了围岩变形能量 2008年 Modified Cone锚杆[18] Vale Inco Copper Cliff North Mine 高应力强冲击倾向性 — — — 在等级Mn=2.9的微震影响下，锚杆未破断失效 2011年 恒阻大变形锚杆[25] 机械结构型 白皎煤矿 强动压扰动 482 120~150 60 顶底移近量150 mm 2014年 恒阻大变形锚杆[46] 新安煤矿 软弱围岩 750 — 100 顶底移近量62~92 mm
两帮收敛量98~110 mm2018年 Garford锚杆[31] 南非某金矿 强冲击倾向性 — 153~165 — 在6次等级M=0.5~2.6的微震影响下，锚杆未破断失效 2012年 D型锚杆[40] 杆体材料型 瑞典某金属矿 高应力 — 171 — 支护区域巷道顶板稳定 2015年 BHRB锚杆[47] 塔山煤矿 高应力 470 m 152.7 60 顶底移近量252 mm
两帮收敛量405 mm2021年 CREA锚杆[42] 赵楼煤矿 高应力强冲击倾向性 1 037 199.8 130 顶底移近量165 mm
两帮收敛量128 mm
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