Study on ecological quality evaluation of mining area based on remote sensing green index—Taking Yima mining area as an example
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摘要: 矿区的开采活动对区域的生态环境质量具有很大影响。为了更加客观准确地评价矿区生态环境质量，构建了一种适用于研究矿区生态环境质量的遥感绿色指数(RSGI)模型，并初次将模型应用于义马矿区的生态环境质量评价。基于1991年、2011年、2021年的Landsat遥感影像，利用ENVI5.3软件对遥感影像进行监督分类、计算遥感绿色指数，从时间和空间上对义马矿区近30年生态环境质量进行评价；并运用皮尔逊相关系数分析了矿区生态环境质量与矿区各生态要素之间的相关性。结果表明：① 1991—2021年总体的生态环境质量以优为主，绿色空间面积均达到80%以上；② 1991年、2011年和2021年义马矿区RSGI数值分别为0.90、0.91和0.89，其生态环境质量呈现先增长后缓慢下降，总体上处于下降趋势；③ 1991—2021年间，生态环境质量变化明显的是城镇以及矿区，大部分城镇和矿区生态环境质量呈现下降趋势，说明义马矿区生态环境质量的变化与矿业开发活动密切相关；④遥感绿色指数高的地方，其耕地、林地、草地所占面积比重比较大，建筑物和不透水表面面积占比较小，遥感绿色指数与各指标之间有显著的相关性。研究结果为义马矿区生态环境修复与绿色矿山建设提供重要的科学依据。Abstract: Mining and development of mining area poses significant impact on regional ecological quality. This study proposed a new remote sensing green index(RSGI)model more tailored for evaluating the ecological quality in the mining area by taking the Yima mining area as an example for analysis. The model was first applied to the ecological quality evaluation of the Yima mining area. Based on Landsat remote sensing images in 1991, 2011 and 2021, ENVI5.3 software was used to supervise the classification of remote sensing images and calculate the green index of remote sensing. The ecological quality of Yima Mining area in the past 30 years was evaluated from the perspective of time and space. Pearson correlation coefficient is used to analyze the correlation between ecological quality and ecological factors in mining area. Results showed that: ① From 1991 to 2021, the overall ecological quality was satisfactory, with the green space area reached more than 80 %. ② In 1991, 2011 and 2021, the RSGI values of Yima mining area were 0.90, 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. The ecological quality of Yima mining area showed initial increase and then a slow decline, and the overall ecological quality exhibits in a downward trend. ③ From 1991 to 2021, there were significant changes of eco-quality in towns and mining areas, with a downward trend observed in most regions. This indicates that the changes of eco-quality in Yima mining area is closely related to mining activities. ④ Areas with high remote sensing green index demonstrate larger proportion of cultivated land, forest land and grassland, and smaller proportion of buildings and impervious surface area. There is a significant correlation between remote sensing green index and other indexes. The research results provide reference for eco-environmental restoration and green mine construction in Yima mining area.
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图 2 1991年、2011年、2021年义马矿区土地利用分类
Figure 2. Classification of land use in Yima Mining area in 1991, 2011 and 2021
图 3 1991年、2011年、2021年土地利用空间变化
Figure 3. Spatial changes of land use in 1991, 2011and 2021
图 4 1991、2011、2021年义马矿区RSGI等级分布
Figure 4. RSGI grade distribution of Yima Mining area in 1991, 2011 and 2021
图 5 1991、2011、2021年RSGI变化极差
Figure 5. Extremely poor RSGI changes in 1991, 2011 and 2021
表 1 生态环境质量等级划分
Table 1. Classification of ecological and environmental quality
生态环境质量等级 遥感绿色指数值范围 低 0.00~0.30 较低 0.30~0.50 良 0.50 ~0.75 较高 0.75~0.90 高 0.90~1.00 
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表 2 1991年、2011年、2021年土地利用类型统计
Table 2. Statistics of land use types in 1991, 2011 and 2021
土地利用类型 1991年 2011年 2021年 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 面积/km2 比例/% 建筑物 278.18 13.38 281.71 13.55 285.94 13.75 不透水表面 24.35 1.20 24.35 1.18 51.74 2.49 河流或湖泊 31.05 1.50 55.02 2.65 56.38 2.71 草地 328.94 15.82 327.21 15.74 241.51 11.62 林地 270.88 13.03 268.21 12.90 362.15 16.48 耕地 1 076.99 51.80 1 074.33 51.67 1 037.07 50.81 裸地 68.90 3.31 48.66 2.34 44.49 2.14 总计 2 079.29 100.00 2 079.29 100.00 2 079.29 100.00
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表 3 1991—2021年生态环境质量等级面积和比例
Table 3. Area and proportion of ecological and environmental quality grades from 1991 to 2021
RSGI等级 1991年 2011年 2021年 面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/% 低 3.80 0.18 3.80 0.18 4.76 0.23 较低 0.99 0.04 0.99 0.05 0.00 0.00 良 91.61 4.41 18.32 0.88 18.32 0.88 较高 385.05 18.52 646.59 31.10 709.54 34.12 高 1 597.84 76.85 1 409.59 67.79 1 346.67 64.77
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表 4 生态环境质量等级和面积统计
Table 4. Statistical of ecological environment quality level and area
年份 生态变化类型 变化极差 面积/km2 变化比例/% 总变化/% 1991—2011 生态改善 +2 79.90 3.84 9.72 +1 122.27 5.88 生态不变 0 1 573.81 75.69 75.69 生态退化 -1 179.34 8.63 14.59 -2 123.97 5.96 2011—2021 生态改善 +2 44.26 2.13 6.98 +1 100.80 4.85 生态不变 0 1 308.77 62.94 62.94 生态退化 -1 562.82 27.07 30.08 -2 62.64 3.01 1991—2021 生态改善 +2 79.90 3.84 9.72 +1 122.27 5.88 生态不变 0 1 088.78 52.36 52.36 生态退化 -1 570.95 27.46 37.92 -2 217.39 10.46
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表 5 1991—2021年各指标和RSGI指数的相关系数矩阵
Table 5. Correlation coefficient matrix of each indicator and RSGI index from 1991 to 2021
指标 皮尔逊相关性显著性 RSGI 裸地密度 建筑密度 不透水密度 河流密度 绿色空间密度 RSGI 双尾 1 -0.942 -0.972 -0.985 0.955 0.999* — 0.219 0.150 0.109 0.191 0.027 裸地密度 双尾 -0.942 1 0.994 0.871 -0.999* -0.927 0.219 — 0.069 0.328 0.028 0.245 建筑密度 双尾 -0.972 0.994 1 0.918 -0.998* -0.962 0.150 0.069 — 0.259 0.041 0.177 不透水表面密度 双尾 -0.985 0.871 0.918 1 0.891 -0.992 0.109 0.328 0.259 — 0.300 0.082 河流密度 双尾 0.955 0.999* -0.998* 0.891 1 0.942 0.191 0.028 0.041 0.300 — 0.217 绿色空间密度 双尾 0.999* -0.927 -0.962 -0.992 0.942 1 0.027 0.245 0.177 0.082 0.217 — 注：* 在0.05级别(双尾)，相关性显著[26]。
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