Top-coal initial caving law of continuous group caving method in extra-thick coal seams
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摘要: 为了阐明特厚煤层群组放煤条件下初始顶煤的放出规律，采用理论分析和数值模拟的方法，研究了放煤口宽度对顶煤放出体形态特征、煤岩分界面演化以及两者空间关系的影响规律。结果表明，在顶煤厚度12 m条件下，随着放煤高度与放煤口宽度之比(δ值)的增大，放出体偏心率呈增大趋势，当δ值增大到一定程度后放出体偏心率逐渐趋向于一个稳定值。随着放煤口宽度的增大，单次顶煤放出量和放出效率均有显著提升，初始煤岩分界面影响范围不断增大，而其边界斜率呈降低趋势；放出体与煤岩分界面相切段的高度和范围不断增加，更有利于顶煤的充分放出，顶煤放出体与相邻煤岩分界面的相切特征可作为评估连续群组放煤顶煤放出效果的有效方法。Abstract: In order to clarify the law of top coal caving with continuous group caving method in extra-thick coal seams, this study investigated the influences of the caving openings width on the morphological characteristics of caving body, the evolution law of the boundary of top coal and their spatial relationship based on the discrete element numerical simulation test and theoretical analysis.The results show that when the top coal thickness is 12 m, the increase of the ratio of coal caving height to caving width (δ) would cause the increase in the eccentricity of caving body.The eccentricity of caving body tends to have a steady value when the δ value increases to a certain value.In group coal caving, the increase of caving openings width would lead to higher single caving weight and caving efficiency with increasing influence range of the boundary of top coal increases and decreasing boundary slope.The length and height of tangent section between the initial boundary of top coal and the adjacent caving body increases continuously, which benefit top-coal recovery amount.The tangency between the top-coal caving body and the boundary of top coal of the previous adjacent caving group can be used as an effective method to evaluate continuous group caving.
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图 2 放煤口宽度为2D时的顶煤放出体形态
θG2—过原点O的放出体相切移动迹线与垂直方向的夹角
Figure 2. Shape of caving body with 2D opening width
图 4 连续群组放煤条件下顶煤放出体理论形态
Figure 4. Theoretical shape of caving body under continuous group caving
图 5 8222工作面煤层赋存及开采条件示意图
Figure 5. Coal seam occurrence and mining conditions about 8222 working face
图 9 放煤口宽度与放出体形态的关系
Figure 9. Relationship between the width of the caving opening and shape of caving body
图 11 放煤口宽度与放出体横向宽度关系
Figure 11. Relationship between the width of the caving opening and the lateral width of top-coal caving body
图 12 放煤口宽度与放煤效果关系
Figure 12. Relationship between the width of the caving opening and the effect of caving
图 13 群组放煤放煤条件下煤岩分界面拟合曲线
Figure 13. Fitting curve of coal-rock boundary under group top-coal caving
图 14 放煤漏斗宽度随放煤口宽度变化的关系
Figure 14. Relationship between the width of the caving opening and the caving funnel
图 15 放煤漏斗边界斜率与放煤口宽度的关系曲线
Figure 15. Relationship between the width of the caving opening and the boundary slope of caving funnel
图 16 初次煤岩分界面和相邻顶煤放出体的空间关系
Figure 16. Spatial relationship between the first caving funnel and the second top-coal caving body
图 17 放煤漏斗边界下放出体发育特征
Figure 17. Development characteristics of top-coal caving body under the boundary of caving funnel
图 18 煤岩分界线下顶煤放出体特征的变化曲线
Figure 18. Variation curve of top-coal caving body characteristics under coal-rock boundary line
图 20 顶煤放出体与煤岩分界线相切段高差和相切长度变化
Figure 20. Variation of tangent height and length of tangent section between top-coal caving body and coal-rock boundary line
图 22 顶煤厚度4 m、同时打开3个放煤口时煤岩分界面与顶煤放出体的空间关系
Figure 22. Spatial relationship between coal-rock interface and top-coal caving body in the condition of 4 m top coal and 3 caving opening
图 23 煤岩分界面与放出体的相切模型
Figure 23. Tangential model between coal-rock interface and caving body
表 1 3-5号煤层及顶板物理力学参数
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of No.3-5 coal seam and its roof
煤炭层 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 抗拉强度/MPa 黏聚力/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 直接顶 2.394 4.67 0.19 0.93 12.85 30.5 3-5号煤 1.450 2.05 0.28 1.22 6.15 32.6 
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表 2 煤层及直接顶颗粒力学参数及粒径划分
Table 2. Mechanical property and particle radius for numerical model
层位 厚度/m 颗粒半径/m 密度/(g·cm-3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 抗拉强度/MPa 黏聚力/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 煤层1 4 0.1 1 450 2 0.28 0 0 32.6 煤层2 4 0.15 1 450 2 0.28 0 0 32.6 煤层3 4 0.2 1 450 2 0.28 0 0 32.6 直接顶 8 0.3 2 394 5 0.19 0 0 30.5
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