Quantitative discrimination of seismic attributes of small faults in southern typical coalfield
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摘要: 断层是诱发矿井安全事故的重要因素，对落差5 m以内小断层的识别是一大难点。选取南方典型煤田——贵州省六盘水煤田作为研究区，对煤田地层进行详细调查和现场踏勘，设计地震物理模型，采用特有速度比1∶1.74，实现地震物理模型对埋深800 m、1 000 m和1 200 m，落差5 m、3 m和1 m小断层的构建和分析。应用地震波动力学方法提取多种地震属性对小断层进行分析，获得振幅包络、振幅一阶导数、振幅二阶导数等7种地震属性对小断层特征响应的敏感程度，据此建立地震属性与落差之间的相关关系。研究表明，当煤层小断层落差5 m以内时，不仅与传统上的振幅属性存在线性关系，还与相位、频率有关的地震属性成线性关系，其中振幅包络和振幅虚部的相关性较高，瞬时频率、振幅一阶导数、余弦瞬时相位、振幅二阶导数和振幅包络相关性较低。Abstract: Faults are an important factor inducing mine safety accidents, and it poses difficulties on the identification of faults within 5 m of drop.Taking the Liupanshui coalfield of Guizhou province as the study area, this paper investigated the coalfield strata and carried out an on-site survey.It proposed a seismic physical model and used the unique velocity ratio of 1∶1.74 to realize the construction and analysis of small faults with a burial depth of 800 m, 1 000 m and 1 200 m and a drop of 5 m, 3 m and 1 m.This paper extracted a variety of seismic properties by seismic dynamics method to analyze small faults, and obtained the sensitivity of seven seismic properties to the characteristic response of small faults, including amplitude envelope, amplitude first derivative, and amplitude second derivative, and the correlation between seismic properties and drop was established accordingly.The results show that when the small fault drop of the coal seam is less than or equal to 5 m, there is a linear relationship with the traditional amplitude attributes, and a linear relationship with the seismic properties related to phase and frequency.There is high correlation between the amplitude envelope and the amplitude imaginary part, and low correlation between the instantaneous frequency, the amplitude first derivative, the cosine instantaneous phase, the amplitude second derivative and the amplitude envelope.
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Key words:
- physical model /
- small fault /
- buried depth /
- throw /
- seismic attribute /
- mathematical relationship
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图 4 振幅包络与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 4. Linear relationship between amplitude envelope and small fault drop
图 5 振幅虚部与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 5. Linear relationship between imaginary part of amplitude and small fault drop
图 6 振幅一阶导数与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 6. Linear relationship between amplitude 1st derivative and small fault drop
图 7 瞬时相位与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 7. Linear relationship between transient phase and small fault drop
图 8 余弦瞬时相位与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 8. Linear relationship between cosine instantaneous phase and small fault drop
图 9 振幅二阶导数与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 9. Linear relationship between amplitude 2nd derivative and small fault drop
图 10 瞬时频率与小断层落差的线性关系
Figure 10. Linear relationship between instantaneous frequency and small fault drop
表 1 山脚树矿区地质岩性特征
Table 1. Geological and lithologic characteristics of Shanjiaoshu mining area
年代地层 岩石地层 代号 厚度/m 岩性组成 古近系 Q 0~40 冰川沉积及坡积、洪积、冲积层 第四系 E 0~900 紫红色砾岩 三叠系 中统 关岭组 T2g 41~634 上段：大部分为灰色的角砾状白云岩；中段：灰色的泥质灰岩，中间夹厚层状灰岩、泥岩和粉砂岩；下段：黄灰、紫红、灰绿色薄层状泥岩及粉砂质泥岩以及泥质白云岩，底部为厚度0.2 ~1.0 m的玻屑凝灰岩 下统 永宁镇组 T1y 80~799 上段：中间夹泥岩的浅灰色中厚层状灰岩、白云岩、泥质白云岩；下段：由浅灰中厚层状灰岩、蠕虫状泥岩、粉砂岩以及泥岩组合而成，中间夹泥质灰岩 飞仙关组 T1f 78 第一段：紫红色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，向上过渡为粉砂质泥岩与粉砂岩互层，属潮坪沉积；第二段：顶部及底部均呈灰紫色、浅灰绿色的厚层状细砂岩，中部可见不等厚互层状粉砂岩夹紫红色砂质泥岩；第三段：紫灰色、褐灰色泥岩、粉砂岩和砂质泥岩呈不等厚互层状，中间夹薄层状细砂岩；第四段：灰紫色粉砂岩、灰绿色含钙细砂岩以及砂质泥岩 二叠系 上统 长兴组 P2c 80~200
(平均122)主要由灰、深灰色细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩组成，夹泥岩、钙质泥岩及泥灰岩、灰岩 龙潭组 上段 P2l2 147~386
(平均248)以灰、深灰色粉砂岩、细砂岩、泥岩为主，夹多层煤层，底部发育一层铝土岩，含砂量从西向东、从上到下降低 下段 P2l1 280~450
(平均340)主要由泥岩、砂岩、含泥灰岩及煤层组成，中夹灰岩11~20层，由北西向南东灰岩层数增多，厚度增大，含砂量降低 峨眉山玄武岩组 P1β 200~700 暗绿色玄武岩、拉斑玄武岩，另有火山角砾岩和凝灰岩，时而夹有薄层状砂岩、泥岩以及煤层 
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表 2 模型各层材料试块的实测速度和密度
Table 2. The measured velocity and density of each layer of the model
层序 层名 试块密度/(g·cm-3) 试块纵波速度/(m·s-1) 试块横波速度/(m·s-1) 转换实际纵波速度/(m·s-1) 转换实际密度/(g·cm-3) 1 地表 1.082 1 256 0 2 185 1.883 2 细砂岩 1.153 2 433 1 116 4 233 2.005 3 粉砂岩 1.183 2 625 1 205 4 568 2.058 4 含煤粉砂岩 1.160 2 492 1 136 4 336 2.019 5 煤层 1.122 1 785 764 3 106 1.952 6 含煤粉砂岩 1.169 2 561 1 161 4 456 2.035 7 玄武岩 1.602 2 857 1 437 4 971 2.787
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表 3 振幅包络与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 3. Mathematical relationship between amplitude envelope and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 0.001x2-0.020 8x+0.092 5 0.953 4 1 000 y =-0.001 5x2-0.005 1x+0.066 2 0.995 3 1 200 y =-0.002 7x2+0.002 5x+0.057 7 0.965 3
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表 4 振幅虚部与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 4. Mathematical relationship between imaginary part of amplitude and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 0.000 09x2-0.010 1x+0.046 8 0.986 8 1 000 y = 0.000 8x2-0.013 5x+0.046 5 0.980 6 1 200 y =-0.001x2-0.002 7x+0.035 3 0.855 9
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表 5 振幅一阶导数与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 5. Mathematical relationship between amplitude 1st derivative and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 0.001 4x2-0.008 5x+0.005 9 0.897 1 1 000 y = 0.001 3x2-0.007 6x+0.004 5 0.652 1 1 200 y = 0.001x2-0.006x+0.004 4 0.603 5
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表 6 瞬时相位与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 6. Mathematical relationship between transient phase and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 5.129 3x2-47.312x+101.77 0.889 4 1 000 y = 5.876 3x2-53.672x+114.86 0.907 8 1 200 y = 3.963 1x2-50.743x +126.37 0.897 0
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表 7 余弦瞬时相位与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 7. Mathematical relationship between cosine instantaneous phase and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 0.017 7x2-0.199 4x +1.048 9 0.903 8 1 000 y = 0.005 4x2-0.140 6x+1.04 0.947 8 1 200 y =-0.028 7x2+0.039x+0.979 1 0.985 5
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表 8 振幅二阶导数与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 8. Mathematical relationship between amplitude 2nd derivative and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y = 0.000 07x2+0.000 5x-0.001 4 0.972 6 1 000 y = 0.000 2x2-0.000 05x-0.001 6 0.974 5 1 200 y = 0.000 2x2-0.000 2x -0.000 6 0.986 1
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表 9 瞬时频率与小断层落差的数学关系
Table 9. Mathematical relationship between instantaneous frequency and small fault drop
埋深/m 趋势线公式 决定系数R2 800 y =-6.279 2x2+7.547 8x +96.275 0.999 6 1 000 y =-2.858 4x2-3.597 9x+96.327 0.988 1 1 200 y =-2.735x2+9.378 6x+89.725 0.998 2
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表 10 地震属性相关系数
Table 10. Seismic attribute correlation coefficient
地震属性 瞬时频率 瞬时相位 振幅包络 振幅虚部 振幅一阶导数 振幅二阶导数 余弦瞬时相位 瞬时频率 1 0.597* 0.738** 0.759** 0.187 -0.835** 0.780** 瞬时相位 0.597* 1 0.836** 0.897** 0.726** -0.744** 0.814** 振幅包络 0.738** 0.836** 1 0.939** 0.428 -0.898** 0.857** 振幅虚部 0.759** 0.897** 0.939** 1 0.511 -0.914** 0.924** 振幅一阶导数 0.187 0.726** 0.428 0.511 1 -0.212 0.370 振幅二阶导数 -0.835** -0.744** -0.898** -0.914** -0.212 1 -0.924** 余弦瞬时相位 0.780** 0.814** 0.857** 0.924** 0.370 -0.924** 1 注：*为在0.05级别(双尾)相关性显著，即得到这个相关显著会犯错误的可能性是5 %，即95 % 的把握认为相关的确存在；**为在0.01级别(双尾)相关性显著，即得到这个相关显著会犯错误的可能性是1 %，也即99 % 的把握认为相关的确存在，**的相关系数越大，相关越显著。双尾是指双侧检验，是假设检验默认的设置。
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