Research progress on recycling technologies of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
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摘要: 新能源汽车行业的迅猛发展，带动了动力锂离子电池需求量的激增，使得天然的钴、锂、镍等成为稀缺资源。为推动新能源汽车产业的持续健康发展，解决锂离子电池带来的环境污染和资源匮乏问题，实现锂离子电池的绿色循环利用迫在眉睫。本文围绕退役动力锂离子电池放电、拆解、剥离、分选、冶金等作业环节，对其循环回收过程进行了系统评述。从技术研发与工业应用多角度分析了不同作业方式对剥离、分选、冶金等效果的影响，讨论了各作业环节的研究进展和存在的主要问题，展望了退役动力锂离子电池循环回收行业未来发展方向，为退役动力锂离子电池绿色高效循环利用提供了重要依据。Abstract: The rapid development of the electric vehicle industry has led to a surge in demand for power lithium-ion batteries, making natural cobalt, lithium, and nickel scarce mineral resources. To promote the sustainable development of the electric vehicle industry and solve the problems of environmental pollution as well as resource scarcity caused by lithium-ion batteries, it is extremely imperative to realize the green recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. This article systematically reviewed and evaluated the recycling process of lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles, which focuses on discharging, dismantling, stripping, separation, metallurgy and other operations. The influence of different operation methods on stripping, sorting, metallurgy and other effects is analyzed from the perspectives of technology research and development and industrial application, and the research progress and main problems of each operation link are discussed. The future development of recycling lithium-ion batteries is prospected, which lay the foundation for the green and efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Key words:
- spent power lithium-ion batteries /
- recycling /
- striping /
- separation methods /
- metallurgy
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图 1 动力锂离子电池结构、原理及组成
Figure 1. The structure, working principle and content of power lithium-ion batteries
表 1 不同剥离方法效果比较
Table 1. Comparison of stripping performance of various methods
剥离方式 实验方法 实验条件 电极粉剥离效果/% 物理法 超声剥离[22] 55 ℃水浴，10 min 92.00 机械剥离[27] -38 ℃预处理5 min，研磨0.5 min 87.29 化学法 高温煅烧[29] 甲烷，500 ℃高温煅烧，300 min 98.00 真空热解[28] 450 ℃真空热解，60 min 99.50 碱溶[32] 32 g/L NaOH，10 min 98.00 NMP溶解[21] 70 ℃超声，90 min 98.72 磷酸三乙酯溶解[34] 100 ℃搅拌，60 min 92.00 柑橘类果汁溶解[35] 90 ℃搅拌，20 min 94.00 硫酸溶解[36] 40 ℃超声、搅拌，5 min 99.00 
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表 3 有价金属的冶金回收方法
Table 3. Metallurgical recovery methods of valuable metals
冶金方法 电池类型 实验条件 回收率/% 火法[52-54] NCM 正极石墨，3 h，600 ℃ Li=99，Ni=99，Co=99，Mn=97 NCM 硫酸钴，2 h，800 ℃ Li=80 NCM 炭黑，0.5 h，550 ℃ Li=99，Ni=99.58，Mn=99.99 湿法[55-67] NCA 盐酸，18 h，25 ℃，50 g/L Ni=99.99，Co=100 NCM 硝酸，盐酸，1 h，80 ℃，50 g/L Li=100，Mn=99 NCM 硫酸，过氧化氢，1 h，40 ℃，40 g/L Li=99.7，Ni=99.7，Co=99.7 NCM 甲酸，过氧化氢，2 h，60 ℃，50 g/L Li=98.22，Ni=99.96，Co=99.96 NCM 乙酸，抗坏血酸，甘蔗渣髓0.6 h，50 ℃，20 g/L Li=91.6，Ni=93.5，Co=93.6 NCM 马来酸，过氧化氢，1 h，70 ℃，40 g/L Li=98.24，Ni=98.41，Co=98.05 NCM 氨水，亚硫酸铵，2 h，25 ℃ Ni=97.7，Co=99.1 NCM 氨水，亚硫酸钠，8 h，80 ℃，50 g/L Li=95.3，Ni=89.8，Co=80.7 NCM 氨水，炭黑，6 h，30 ℃，150 g/L Li=76.19，Ni=96.23，Co=94.57 NCM 氧化亚铁硫杆菌，72 h，30 ℃，100 g/L Li=76.19，Ni=96.23，Co=94.57 NCM 嗜铁钩端螺旋体，216 h，30 ℃，100 g/L Li=97，Co=96 NCM 胞外聚合物，24 h，30 ℃ Ni=55.2，Co=44.9
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