Study on the dynamic evolution characteristics of deformation and collapse of the extra-thick hard roof
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摘要: 义马煤田赋存一层巨厚坚硬岩层，是矿区诸多动力灾害的主要诱因。本文以义马煤田千秋矿21221工作面为工程背景，开展了顶板岩层冲击倾向性的实验测定，采用相似模拟和数值分析方法研究了工作面回采过程中巨厚坚硬顶板运动特征，分析了巨厚坚硬顶板垮落垂直位移动态演化规律，建立了采动应力分布与顶板运移的关系。研究结果表明：巨厚坚硬顶板破断过程可分为初始平静期、稳定运动期和整体垮落期三个阶段; 顶板垂直位移量在初始平静期变化小，稳定运动期基本集中在采空区，向上呈现梯形递减趋势，整体垮落期则急剧向上发展。巨厚坚硬顶板运动呈现离层、瞬间下沉、离层闭合、间歇性稳定、瞬间垮落压实的非稳定动态变化现象。在工作面回采过程中，巨厚坚硬岩层变形和运动对采场施加了持续且不稳定的下沉压力，其结构失稳导致采场矿压发生强突变和采动应力突降，是冲击地压发生的重要诱因。Abstract: Yima coal field has an extra-thick hard rock strata, which is the main cause of many dynamic disasters in the mining area. Based on the mining face 21221 of Qianqiu mine in Yima coal field, Henan Province, China, this paper studies the movement characteristics of extra-thick hard roof during the advancement of working face by similar simulation and numerical analysis methods, carries out laboratory test on bursting liability of roof strata, analyzes the dynamic evolution law of collapse vertical displacement of extra-thick hard roof, and obtains the relationship between mining-induced stress and movement of the roof. The results show that: the failure of extra-thick hard roof could be divided into three stages: quiet period, stable failure period and collapse period. The vertical displacement of roof collapse changes a little during the quiet period, and is basically concentrated in the goaf during the stable failure period, showing a trapezoidal decreasing trend upward. However, it will develop rapidly upward during the collapse period. The movement law of extra-thick hard roof presents an unstable dynamic change phenomenon, that is separation, instantaneous subsidence, separation closure, intermittent stability, instantaneous collapse and compaction. With the advancement of the working face, the deformation and movement of extra-thick hard strata lead to the continuous and unstable subsidence pressure exerting on the stope. The structural instability of the extra-thick hard roof leads to severe mutation of ground pressure on the stope and sudden decrease of mining-induced stress, and that is an important inducement for the occurrence of rock burst.
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Key words:
- extra-thick hard roof /
- mining-induced stress /
- unstable movement /
- rock burst
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图 1 千秋矿21221工作面地质柱状图
Figure 1. Geological profile of mining face 21221 of Qianqiu Mine
图 3 巨厚坚硬顶板赋存的相似实验模型
注：1—11为应力监测点
Figure 3. Similar experiment model under the existence of extra-thick hard roof
图 6 巨厚坚硬砾岩中监测点应力变化曲线
Figure 6. Stress variation of the monitoring points in the extra-thick hard conglomerate strata
图 7 巨厚坚硬砾岩应力变化量
Figure 7. Stress variation of the extra-thick hard conglomerate strata
图 11 巨厚坚硬砾岩垂直应力变化率
Figure 11. The vertical stress change rate of extra-thick and hard conglomerate strata
表 1 顶板泥岩物理力学参数
Table 1. Physical-mechanics parameters of roof mudstone
试件编号 抗压强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa 覆岩荷载/MPa 密度/(kg·m-3) 弹性模量/GPa 1 40.79 10.69 18.62 2 545.16 6.31 2 39.06 11.32 18.62 2 550.19 6.17 3 35.35 11.54 18.62 2 528.28 5.82 
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表 2 顶板岩层冲击倾向性分类及指数
Table 2. The classification and index of bursting liability of roof stratum
类别 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 冲击倾向性 无 弱 强 冲击能量指数/kJ ≤15 15~120 ≥120
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表 3 千秋矿21221工作面岩层物理力学参数
Table 3. Physical-mechanics parameters of strata of mining face 21221of Qianqiu Mine
岩性 密度/(kg·m-3) 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 摩擦角/(°) 黏聚力/MPa 砾岩 2 865 45 28.99 0.22 40.0 15.30 砂质泥岩 2 670 31 15.76 0.20 29.5 3.50 1-2煤层 1 480 23 3.85 0.16 27.5 2.47 泥岩 2 461 25 8.86 0.26 30.6 2.76 2煤层 1 440 22 3.34 0.16 26.9 2.40 细砂岩 2 873 38 17.66 0.18 29.2 6.50
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表 4 相似材料参数
Table 4. Parameters of similar materials
模拟岩层 细砂、石膏、石灰配比号 相似材料抗压强度/MPa 模拟岩层抗压强度/MPa 砾岩 655 0.28 44.8 砂质泥岩 746 0.19 30.4 泥岩 755 0.16 25.6 煤层 764 0.14 22.4 细砂岩 646 0.24 38.4
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