Ｄｉｓｃｒｅｔｅ ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌ ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｒｉａｘｉａｌ ｆｌｕｉｄ ｓｏｌｉｄ ｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｓｅｅｐａｇｅ ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ
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Graphical Abstract
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Abstract
Ｔｈｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｃｏａｌｓｅａｍｓｔｒｅｓｓ，ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｓｅｅｐａｇｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙａｆｆｅｃｔｔｈｅｍｉ⁃ ｇｒａｔｉｏｎｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｒｅｌｉｅｆｇａｓｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｅａｍｍｉｎｉｎｇ*Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ，ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ ｗｉｔｈｃｕｂｉｃｌａｗ，ｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｆｌｕｉｄｓｏｌｉｄｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｏｆｅｌａｓｔｉｃｊｏｉｎｔｓａｎｄ ｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｗａｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｄａｔａｏｆｔｈｅｅｌａｓｔｉｃａｎｄｐｅｒｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ ｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅｓ*Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ，ｔｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｆｌｕｉｄｓｏｌｉｄｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｆｏｒｔｒｉａｘｉａｌｆｌｏｗ ｔｅｓｔｏｆｃｏａｌ ｓａｍｐｌｅｓｗａｓｂｕｉｌｔ*Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｉｓｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ｔｈｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ，ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｆｌｏｗｗｅｒｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｕｎｉａｘｉａｌａｎｄｔｒｉａｘｉａｌｌｏａｄｉｎｇ*Ｔｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｃｏａｌ ｓａｍｐｌｅｓ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ａｓ Ｓ ｔｙｐｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｏｆ ａｘｉａｌ ｓｔｒａｉｎ*Ｔｈｅｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｓｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆａｘｉａｌｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅ ｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ*Ｔｈｅｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ⁃ ｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｆａｓｔｅｒｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎｒａｔｅｉｓ，ｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈｅｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｃｒｅａ⁃ ｓｅｓ*Ｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆｃｏｎｆｉｎｉｎｇｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｐ⁃ ａｇａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｔａｇｅｗａｓｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄ*Ｔｈｅｉｎｉｔｉａｌｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｙｉｅｌｄｉｎｇｐｅｒｍｅ⁃ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｃｏａｌｓａｍｐｌｅｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙ*
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