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磷石膏综合利用背景下的环境影响研究现状

许金辉 邵龙义 侯海海 李金娟 刘君霞 黄曼 王秀英 鲁静

许金辉, 邵龙义, 侯海海, 李金娟, 刘君霞, 黄曼, 王秀英, 鲁静. 磷石膏综合利用背景下的环境影响研究现状[J]. 矿业科学学报, 2023, 8(1): 115-126. doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2023.01.011
引用本文: 许金辉, 邵龙义, 侯海海, 李金娟, 刘君霞, 黄曼, 王秀英, 鲁静. 磷石膏综合利用背景下的环境影响研究现状[J]. 矿业科学学报, 2023, 8(1): 115-126. doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2023.01.011
Xu Jinhui, Shao Longyi, Hou Haihai, Li Jinjuan, Liu Junxia, Huang Man, Wang Xiuying, Lu Jing. Review of environmental impact of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2023, 8(1): 115-126. doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2023.01.011
Citation: Xu Jinhui, Shao Longyi, Hou Haihai, Li Jinjuan, Liu Junxia, Huang Man, Wang Xiuying, Lu Jing. Review of environmental impact of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum[J]. Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2023, 8(1): 115-126. doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2023.01.011

磷石膏综合利用背景下的环境影响研究现状

doi: 10.19606/j.cnki.jmst.2023.01.011
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 42075107

国家自然科学基金 U1612442

国家固废资源化专项 2018YFC1903600

详细信息
    作者简介:

    许金辉(1997—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士研究生,主要从事资源与环境等方面的研究工作。Tel:18641878532,E-mail:1132921203@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    邵龙义(1964—),男,河南灵宝人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质学、矿业工程、环境科学与资源利用等方面的研究工作。Tel:13910766961,E-mail:ShaoL@cumtb.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P631.4

Review of environmental impact of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum

  • 摘要: 磷石膏是湿法制磷酸产生的一种工业固体废弃物。虽然磷石膏利用率逐年上升,但是消耗量有限,现阶段依然以堆存的方式来处理,不仅会侵占土地资源,还会造成严重的环境污染。本文综述了国内磷石膏的排放和综合利用现状,分析了磷石膏堆存过程中对环境的影响,主要表现在:①氟化氢气体、放射性核素、纳米颗粒吸附重金属元素以及温室效应等引起的大气环境影响;②水体酸碱度变化、水体重金属含量异常、浮游植物的生存环境和海洋磷循环失衡;③土壤酸碱度变化和土壤重金属元素含量异常造成的土壤环境影响。基于资源节约与环保的原则,考虑现阶段磷石膏综合利用和处理现状,磷石膏处置方式的技术革新、磷石膏堆场污染物排放的监测与评价、磷石膏堆场环境毒理学效应的研究是今后的研究重点。
  • 图  1  中国2010—2020年磷石膏利用情况

    Figure  1.  Phosphogypsum utilization in China from 2010 to 2020

    图  2  磷石膏堆场纳米矿物颗粒吸附重金属离子迁移示意图

    Figure  2.  Diagram showing transport pass ways of heavy metal ions adsorbed by nano-mineral particles in phosphogypsum yard

    图  3  四川德阳磷石膏生态修复现状

    Figure  3.  Ecological restoration status of phosphogypsum in Deyang, Sichuan province

    表  1  磷石膏综合利用领域

    Table  1.   Comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum

    综合利用领域 应用方式
    建筑材料土工建材 石膏砌块、石膏板、水泥砂浆、石膏粉、高强石膏等路基材料、免烧磷石膏砖、胶凝材料、防水材料、吸音材料等
    化工原料 硫酸、硫酸钾、硫酸铵、硫酸钙晶须、缓凝剂等
    农业生产 土壤改良剂、钙肥、钾肥、磷肥、硅肥等
    其他 提取稀土元素、矿井填充材料、装饰材料、玻璃陶瓷材料等
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  磷石膏中的杂质类别及主要存在形式

    Table  2.   Types and forms of impurities in phosphogypsum

    杂质类别 主要存在形式 溶解能力 参考文献
    磷酸、磷酸盐 H3PO4、H2PO4-、HPO42- 可溶 文献[28]
    磷灰石、磷酸盐络合物 难溶
    氟化物 NaF、F- 可溶
    CaF2、CaSiF6、Na2SiF6 难溶
    有机物 植物有机质、有机添加剂 难溶
    放射性元素 镭、钍等 难溶
    重金属元素 铬、锌、铜、铅、砷、汞等 难溶 文献[29]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  不同磷肥工厂磷石膏样品的常量元素质量分数

    Table  3.   Major elements of phosphogypsum samples from different phosphate fertilizer factories %

    常量元素 Si Al Ca Mg S P Na K Mn Ti C 数据来源
    广西柳州某化工厂 8.640 1.920 28.980 0.120 44.450 2.980 0.300 0.580 0.010 0.090 0.230 文献[31]
    云南化工 0.090 21.240 0.040 15.430 0.240 0.040 0.040 文献[32]
    地壳平均质量分数 31.000 4.100 2.600 1.500 0.006 0.030 1.210 1.200 0.080 0.400 0.030 文献[33]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  不同磷肥工厂磷石膏样品的微量元素质量含量

    Table  4.   Trace elements of phosphogypsum samples from different phosphate fertilizer factories μg/g

    微量元素 Pb Cu Cd Ni Sr Zn As U Cr Fe F 数据来源
    广西柳州某化工厂 82.81 24.72 1.48 469.71 270.00 3.42 12.99 10.7 2.24 文献[31]
    江西省贵溪六国化肥厂 35.95 204.29 0.35 10.25 24.66 文献[34]
    湖北楚星化工 4.70 0.05 2.00 16.00 0.39 文献[35]
    湖北东圣化工 19.00 0.15 4.50 30.00 0.80
    湖北兴发化工 13.20 0.04 4.40 17.00 1.79
    湖北鄂中化工 12.60 0.04 3.10 11.00 0.01
    地壳平均含量 17.00 28.00 0.09 47.00 320.00 67.00 3.00 21.00 100.00 1.80 0.06 文献[33]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  磷石膏堆存过程对大气环境、水环境、土壤环境的影响

    Table  5.   The effects of phosphogypsum storage process on atmospheric environment, water environment and soil environment

    影响 影响途径 影响现象或危害
    大气环境 氟化氢气体 磷石膏堆场大气中氟化氢气体指标异常
    放射性元素 磷石膏堆场附近气溶胶粒子放射性增加
    纳米颗粒 纳米颗粒吸附稀土元素、重金属元素和放射性元素
    温室效应 污水厂挥发物检测出PH3,PH3竞争(·OH),CH4滞留,导致温室效应
    水环境 水体酸碱度 磷石膏堆场海岸附近海域pH值降低;珊瑚礁破坏
    重金属离子 磷石膏堆场附近海域锌污染;磷矿中镉元素流入海洋造成镉污染
    水体浮游植物的生长 水体富营养化,浮游植物爆发;珊瑚大量死亡
    海洋磷循环 海洋磷含量异常
    土壤环境 土壤矿物质、酸碱性、有机质含量、微生物含量和土壤肥力 磷石膏浸出液呈强酸性;影响固氮菌的活性;土壤结构性变差、黏重,土壤水、气、热不协调
    土壤重金属含量 土壤重金属锌、砷、铜、铅、镉、汞超标
    农作物污染 蔬菜中富集铀元素等;影响植物染色体
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  加贝斯湾和杰尔巴岛水体情况对比

    Table  6.   Comparison of water quality between Gabes and Djerba

    地区 加贝斯湾(Gabes) 杰尔巴岛(Djerba)
    pH值 6.2~7.9 7.7~7.9
    生物多样性 直径数厘米的结核覆盖海底 双壳类、钙质藻类、腹足类和苔藓虫
    沉积物粒度 含量较多的硅屑颗粒(如石英) 砂质和生物碎屑组成,由于机械侵蚀,生物碎屑保存状态和形状较差
    注:修改自文献[15]。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7  地表水重金属质量含量标准

    Table  7.   Surface water heavy metal content standard

    重金属质量含量/(mg·L-1)
    Cu Zn Pb Cr Cd As Hg
    地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.0001
    地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准 ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 ≤0.001
    地表水灌溉水质标准一类(水作) ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.001
    地表水灌溉水质标准二类(旱作) ≤0.1
    注:据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)及《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084—92)。
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-05-18
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