The comparison of quality control standards for land reclamation between China and the USA: A case study of grassland surface coal mines
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摘要: 在新时期国土空间生态修复背景下,对比中美两国土地复垦质量控制标准编制方式和内容差异,完善和优化我国土地复垦质量控制标准至关重要。本文以中国北方草原区与美国怀俄明州为例,系统对比了地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建、水文恢复标准的差异,揭示了我国相关标准的完善方向。结果与结论:①我国地貌重塑柔性表达不足,可更充分体现注重恢复采前地貌和景观协调并相应调整参数范围等;②土壤重构质量控制,可考虑根据矿种和复垦方向丰富土壤质量选择性指标;③我国植被重建质量控制局限于可测指标的定量数值,宜完善植被种类和重建时限标准,设定采前参照区并使用数理统计核验复垦质量;④根据采前信息增加水环境恢复的相关控制标准;⑤推动当前行业标准上升为国家标准。研究成果有助于变“末端控制”思维为全过程管理,变后端刚性指标阈值控制为参照采前基准信息,变注重生产能力为恢复生态功能,提升复垦质量管理全程化、科学化、精准化和普适化。Abstract: Mineral resource extraction causes serious damage to land ecology and environment, therefore a perfect reclamation quality standard is crucial to the construction of ecological civilization in mined area. It is important to optimize the land reclamation quality control standards by revealing the differences in their methods and contents between China and the USA. This study systematically compared the quality control standards for land reclamation in the northern grassland region of China and Wyoming, in terms of reconstruction of landform, soil, vegetation, and hydrology. The result shows that the geomorphological reconstruction does not focus enough on the restoration of pre-mining landscape and landscape coordination, the soil reconstruction index system is comparatively weak, the control of vegetation reconstruction is limited to quantitative values of measurable indicators and does not considering the pre-mining plant growth, and there is a lack of control standards for hydrological restoration quality. The study proposes the following improvement through a point-by-point approach: (1) adjusting the parameter range of terrain indicators to control the terrain restoration to approximate the pre-mining landscape; (2) enriching the soil quality control index system according to the mining species and reclamation direction; (3) improving the control standards of vegetation type and reconstruction time frame, setting the pre-mining reference area and using mathematical statistics to verify the reclamation quality; (4) increasing the control standards of water resources restoration according to the pre-mining information; (5) promoting the standards to the national level. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for scientific guidance on quality control of land reclamation and improvement of indicating reclamation success.
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表 1 地貌重塑质量控制标准差异对比分析
Table 1. Comparative analysis of differences in quality control standards for landform remodeling
控制指标 中国北方草原区 美国怀俄明州 改进建议 坡度 旱地≤25°;
水浇地、水田、草地≤15°;
园地≤20°满足AOC要求,最小长期静态安全系数不低于1.3 维持根据土地利用类型划分坡度标准的方式,考虑借助于采前地貌适当调整控制值 平整度 水浇耕地田面高差在±5 cm之内 满足AOC要求 增加恢复采前原地貌的要求 坡长 无 小于采前长度且长度不超过150 m 增设根据采前坡长标准 标高 无 不超过采前高程 增设根据采前地面标高标准 配套设施 灌溉排水满足《灌溉与排水工程设计规范》;
道路达到当地各行业工程建设标准要求;
林网满足《生态公益林建设规划设计通则》和《生态公益林建设检查验收规程》以采前地形和复垦计划中拟构建的采后地形对排水、沟渠等配套设施进行控制 根据周边环境和采后土地利用,完善配套设施标准;或依据其他行业标准独立设定 景观 人工水域和公园面积2 hm2以上,保持景观完整性与多样性;
建设用地景观协调,宜居坡度和流域面积不宜过大,构造上凸下凹形斜坡,保持地貌稳定和地形多样性;控制影响流域和景观稳定因素 增加评估景观协调性的质量要求,以及对于地形多样性的描述性质量要求 表 2 土壤重构质量控制标准差异对比分析
Table 2. Comparative analysis of differences in soil remodeling quality control standards
控制指标 中国北方草原区 美国怀俄明州 改进建议 有效土层厚度/cm 旱耕地≥50;
水浇耕地≥60;
园地、林地≥30;
人工牧草地≥40;
其他草地≥30根据基准信息,规定波动范围在±25%以内,通常土壤厚度在50 cm左右 根据采前土层的实际厚度,结合复垦方向进行质量控制 土壤容重/(g·cm-3) 旱耕地≤1.4;
水浇耕地≤1.35;
园地≤1.45;
林地≤1.5;
人工牧草地≤1.4;
其他草地≤1.45避免土壤压实,以不影响植物的发育为标准 大范围时测量土壤容重困难,考虑设定平均抽样方式的控制标准 pH值 耕地:6.5~8.5;
园地、林地:6.0~8.5;
人工牧草地:6.5~8.5;
其他草地:6.0~8.5SV:5.5~8.5
MV:5.0~5.5、8.5~9.0保持现有标准 电导率/(dS·m-1) 耕地≤2
园地≤2SV:0~8
MV:8~12保持耕地和园地标准,增加草地质量要求 饱和度 无 SV:25%~80%
MV:25%~80%考虑增加饱和度(水的体积与土中空隙体积之比)质量控制标准 土壤质地 耕地:砂质壤土-砂质黏土;
园地:砂质壤土-砂质黏土;
林地:砂土-壤质黏土;
草地:砂土-砂质黏土无具体要求,根据复垦方向选择黏土、砂质黏土或砂土等 保持现有标准 砾石含量 旱耕地≤10%;
水浇耕地、园地≤5%;
林地≤25%;
人工牧草地≤10%;
其他草地≤15%岩矿物含量(直径大于2 mm):
SV<25%
MV:25%~35%保持现有标准 有机质含量 旱耕地、园地、林地≥1%;
水浇耕地≥1.5%;
人工牧草地≥1%;
其他草地≥0.5%无 根据作物种类或用地类型控制有机质含量标准,与总有机碳含量协调考虑 总有机碳含量 无 SV<10% 同上。优选有机质含量或总有机碳含量,并设定适宜控制标准范围 钠吸收率/(mEq·L-1) 无 SV:0~10
MV:10~15(当黏土含量大于40%时为10~12)Na元素影响植被对水分的吸收,考虑增加水中溶解固体钙和镁的浓度控制标准 硒/(mg·L-1) 无 SV<0.3
MV:0.3~0.8一些金属矿的副产物,同时某些植物需要,而某些植物不需要,根据矿区情况设定控制标准 硼/(mg·L-1) 无 <5.0 在农业上微量硼砂和硼酸可作为肥料,过量则具有毒性,根据矿区种类设定控制标准 硝酸盐氮/(mg·L-1) 无 <50(在含水层中) 含水层中含量过高影响植被和生物发育,根据含水层深度设定控制标准 酸碱电位 无 >-5CaCO3 equivalent/1 000 tons 影响植物的发育,可考虑增加酸碱电位控制标准 钼/(mg·L-1) 无 SV<1.0
MV>1.0钼矿应考虑增加钼含量控制标准 砷/(mg·L-1) 无 SV<2.0
MV>2.0含量较多时毒性较强,并阻碍植被根系生长,根据矿种设定控制标准 表 3 植被重建质量控制标准差异对比分析
Table 3. Comparative analysis of differences in quality control standards for vegetation reconstruction
控制指标 中国北方草原区 美国怀俄明州 改进建议 种植密度/
(株·hm-2)满足《造林作业设计规程》要求 林地树木总数量≥采前总数量;
平均密度和物种比重密度≥适用性标准的90%考虑使用数理统计分析种植密度的恢复程度,并规定恢复期限 郁闭度
(3~5年后)有林地、灌木林地≥0.30;
其他林地≥0.20林地和灌木种植面积≥复垦区总面积的80% 规定在复垦后期阶段和完成后进行树木存活率等方面的质量监测 覆盖度
(3~5年后)人工牧草地≥40%;
其他草地≥30%复垦为草地的覆盖率≥采前植被覆盖率
植物覆盖面积≥用于控制土壤侵蚀的面积增加不得小于采前植被覆盖度控制标准 单位面积产量/
(kg·hm-2)5年后达到周边地区同土地利用类型中等产量水平;牧草有害成分含量符合《粮食卫生标准》 草地:年产量≥参考区年产量(第5个完整生长季节后达到要求),无有害杂草
耕地:作物产量至少连续2年与参考区相等(或达到采前平均水平)与采前调查结果比较;在没有数据积累时将复垦后产量与参考区进行比较 物种组成
和多样性无 植被品种与参考区类似或优先选择种植与采前类似的本土作物;至少有2个生长季节,在自然条件下能自我更新,外来树种发育良好;物种组成支持复垦后的土地利用,湿地和生态用地满足鱼类和野生动物栖息地标准 增加区域性的生态功能和对植被物种多样性的规定 灌木密度 无 复垦后灌木平均总密度和目标物种密度≥适用标准的90% 可考虑增加灌木相应质量控制标准 重建时间 无 在复垦后的前6年种植至少80%的植被,并保护其至少在之后的2年不被损毁 根据物种对植被重建的恢复和核验期限进行相应的规定 表 4 水资源质量控制标准差异对比分析
Table 4. Comparative analysis of differences in water quality control standards
控制指标 中国北方草原区 美国怀俄明州 改进建议 水池规格 塘池面积:0.5~1.0 hm2;
塘池深度:2~3 m无 根据复垦区域的范围和土地利用及生态功能目标进行制订 水质 渔业水质满足《渔业水质标准》;人工水域和公园水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》中IV、V类以上标准 地下水水质≥采前调查值;
地表水水质≥自然产生的水质;
化学元素含量满足国家水质标准以国家水质标准为制订依据,根据复垦方向的实际情况控制,建议积累并对比采前数据 配套设施 具有排水设施,防洪标准满足当地要求 比较排水面积、流域溢流比、河道坡度和曲率等标准;排水设施具有应对气候灾害的能力 根据复垦方向和采前排水设施的排水能力增加功能性质量控制标准 -
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