Status quo, opportunities and challenges of integrated application of coal-to-hydrogen and CCUS technology in China
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摘要: 在应对全球气候变化的背景下，氢能以其清洁、高效、无碳的特点而受到广泛关注。基于我国的资源禀赋、氢能需求及排放约束，煤制氢及碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术的集成应用对我国能源低碳转型具有重要意义。本文系统分析了我国煤制氢与CCUS技术集成应用的现状、机遇与面临的挑战，并为未来我国发展低碳煤制氢产业提供相关建议。结果表明：①相较其他制氢技术，现阶段煤制氢与CCUS技术的集成应用具备显著的成本优势；②CCUS技术可降低煤制氢过程约90 % 的二氧化碳排放，但相比可再生能源制氢其碳足迹仍是短板；③新疆、山西、陕西及内蒙古等地区可作为推广煤制氢与CCUS技术集成应用的优先区域；④煤制氢与CCUS技术集成应用面临的挑战主要包括缺乏公众认可度以及与可再生能源之间的竞争。未来我国应加强针对煤制氢与CCUS技术集成应用产业的顶层设计及相关技术的科普宣传，积极推进煤制氢与CCUS技术集成应用方面的研发和示范，为我国氢能产业的发展提供保障。Abstract: Against the background of addressing global climate change, hydrogen has attracted much attention because of its characteristics of being clean, carbon-free and efficient.In view of China's resource endowment, hydrogen demand and emission reduction demand, the integrated application of coal-to-hydrogen and carbon capture, utilization and storage(CCUS)technology is of great significance to China's low-carbon energy transformation.The development status, opportunities and challenges of integrated application of coal-to-hydrogen and CCUS technology in China were analyzed systematically in this study to provide relevant suggestions for the development of coal-to-hydrogen with low-carbon emission in China.The results showed that: ①Compared with other hydrogen production technologies, coal-to-hydrogen with CCUS has significant cost advantages; ②Compared with hydrogen production from renewable energy, carbon footprint is the weakness of coal-to-hydrogen, even though CCUS technology can reduce carbon emissions by about 90 %; ③Xinjiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia can be the first areas to deploy coal-to-hydrogen with CCUS technology; ④The challenges of coal-to-hydrogen with CCUS mainly include lack of public recognition and the competition with renewable energy.In the future, China should strengthen the top-level design and publicity of coal-to-hydrogen with CCUS technology, actively promote the research, development and demonstration of coal-to-hydrogen with CCUS, so as to ensure the development of China's hydrogen industry.
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图 1 不同制氢技术的成本比较
(注：所有成本均已折算为2016年不变价)
Figure 1. Cost comparison of different hydrogen production technologies
图 2 2020—2050年中国氢能供给结构变化[3]
Figure 2. Changes of hydrogen supply structure in China from 2020 to 2050
制氢方式 主要制氢原料 主要制氢技术路线 技术成熟度 煤制氢 煤炭 煤气化制氢 成熟 天然气制氢 天然气 天然气蒸汽转化法制氢；
天然气部分氧化法制氢；
天然气催化裂解制氢(1) 蒸汽转化制氢：成熟；
(2) 甲烷部分氧化法制氢：开发阶段；
(3) 天然气催化裂解制氢：开发阶段工业副产气制氢 焦炉煤气、氯碱副产品等 主要通过变压吸附法将H2提纯 焦炉煤气制氢和氯碱副产品制氢技术：成熟 甲醇制氢 甲醇 甲醇裂解制氢；
甲醇蒸汽重整制氢；
甲醇部分氧化制氢(1) 甲醇裂解制氢：成熟；
(2) 甲醇蒸汽重整制氢：成熟；
(3) 甲醇部分氧化制氢：研发阶段电解(海)水制氢 水 目前主要的电解槽技术有3种：碱性电解槽(AE)、质子交换膜(PEM)电解槽和固体氧化物电解槽(SOEC) (1) AE：成熟；
(2) PEM：研发示范阶段；
(3) SOEC：实验研发阶段光催化分解水制氢 水 利用半导体光催化分解水制氢 实验研发阶段 生物质制氢 生物质 化学法制氢(气化法、热解重整法、超临界水转化法等)；
生物法制氢(光发酵、暗发酵以及光暗耦合发酵等)实验研发阶段 
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表 2 中国主要氢能政策
Table 2. Major hydrogen policies in China
发布部门 发布年份 政策名称 主要观点 国务院 2016 《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》 开发氢能、燃料电池等新一代能源技术 国家发改委、国家能源局 2016 《能源技术革命创新行动计划(2016—2030年)》 加快推进氢能与燃料电池技术创新 国家发改委、国家能源局 2016 《能源技术革命重点创新行动路线图》 加快推进氢能与燃料电池技术创新 国务院 2016 《"十三五"国家科技创新规划》 开发氢能、燃料电池等新一代能源技术 国家能源局 2017 《能源技术创新"十三五"规划》 促进氢能、燃料电池成套技术产业化应用 工信部、国家发改委、科技部 2017 《汽车产业中长期发展规划》 确定了我国燃料电池技术发展路线 工信部、财政部、商务部、海关总署、质检总局 2017 《乘用车企业平均燃料消耗量与新能源汽车积分并行管理办法公布》 将燃料电池汽车列入积分 国家发改委、国家能源局 2018 《清洁能源消纳行动计划(2018—2020年)》 探索可再生能源富余电力制氢技术 国家发改委 2018 《汽车产业投资管理规定》 将燃料电池车划归新能源汽车 生态环境部、国家发改委、工信部、公安部等 2019 《柴油货车污染治理攻坚战行动计划》 鼓励各地组织开展燃料电池货车示范运营，建设加氢示范站 国务院 2019 《2019年国务院政府工作报告》 加快推进国内加氢站设施建设 财政部、工信部、科技部、国家发改委 2019 《关于进一步完善新能源汽车推广应用财政补贴政策的通知》 购置补贴转为用于支持加氢站基础设施"短板"建设和配套经营服务等方面 财政部、工信部、交通运输部、国家发改委 2019 《关于支持新能源公交车推广应用的通知》 通过"以奖代补"的方式重点支持新能源公交车运营
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