Analysis of low production coalbed methane wells and application of secondary reconstruction technologies
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摘要: 我国多数煤层气储层低孔低渗、构造煤发育，储层改造效果难以保障，单井产气量和采收率低。选择高效的储层改造和增产技术，提高低效井产量，是当前煤层气产业发展的关键任务。本文系统剖析“地质储层条件、工程施工改造和排采管理控制”影响的低产原因，分析煤层气井二次改造相关技术及应用效果，为不同类型低效井针对性改造提供建议。煤层气井可二次改造的低产原因主要包括压裂裂缝扩展不足、裂缝/管柱煤粉堵塞和压降面积受限等，改造中需考虑煤体结构分布、初次裂缝形态、储层渗透性、产气产水量变化、排采及控制设备适用性等因素。二次改造技术分为物理法、化学法、微生物法和其他方法，物理法中二次水力压裂、间接压裂和无水压裂技术以及化学法中酸化增透和泡沫酸洗技术运用较广泛。二次改造应根据地质条件、初次改造效果、工程排采情况选择针对性技术，避免储层再次伤害，以实现有效改造，提高煤层气单井和井网产气量。Abstract: Most coalbed methane reservoirs in China are of low porosity, low permeability and with extensive structural coals, which is difficult to be reformed, resulting in low single well gas production and recovery rates.It is the the key target for the development of coalbed methane industry to choose high efficiency reservoir and well reconstruction technology to effectively improve low efficiency wells.This paper systematically dissects the reasons for low production under the influence of "geological reservoir conditions, engineering construction reforms and drainage management control", summarizes the related technologies and application effects of the secondary reconstruction of coalbed methane wells, and provides suggestions for targeted reforms of different types of low-efficiency wells.The secodary reconstructable low-yield factors in coalbed methane wells include insufficient fractures propagation, fractures/pipe coal fines blockage, and limited pressure drop area.During secondary reconstruction, the distribution of coal structure, primary fracture morphology, reservoir permeability, variations of gas and water production, and applicability of drainage equipment need to be considered.The secondary reconstruction technology covers physical, chemical, microbial, and other methods.Secondary hydraulic fracturing, indirect fracturing, and anhydrous fracturing in physical methods, as well as acidification and permeability increasing technology and foam acidification in chemical methods are widely used.In secondary reconstruction, the reservoir adaptability of the reconstruction technology should be analyzed based on the geological conditions, primary reconstruction results, engineering and drainage status, and the purpose of secondary reconstruction should be determined based on the engineering drainage situation.In the secondary reconstruction, re-damage of the reservoir should be avoided to achieve effective transformation and improve the coalbed methane production from single well and well patterns.
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图 2 不同水平压力差二次压裂裂缝延展对比
Figure 2. Fracture extension comparison after secondary fracturing with different horizontal pressures
图 3 柿庄南区块SN-562D4、SN02-2D、SN-169井产能曲线
Figure 3. Production capacity curves of Well SN-562D4, SN02-2D and SN-169 in Shizhuangnan Block
图 7 针对部分工程排采原因的二次改造技术优选
Figure 7. Selection of secondary reconstruction technology for the reasons of engineering and drainage
表 1 煤层气井二次改造技术及适用性
Table 1. Coalbed methane well secondary reconstruction technology and its applicability
技术方法 适用煤层 技术优点 存在困难 物理法 二次水力压裂 煤体较硬 促进原生裂缝扩张和次生裂缝形成 水阻效应、黏土矿物水化膨胀、地层污染 顶板间接压裂 厚度较薄煤层 施工简单、避免煤粉和煤层伤害 厚煤层和复杂构造区压裂效果差 无水压裂 N2压裂需煤中无水、不能过于松软; CO2压裂适合低压储层、水敏性储层; 液氮压裂适合稳定煤层 N2压裂工序简单、周期短、增产效果好; CO2压裂有利于甲烷解吸; 液氮压裂节约水、避免污染 N2携带支撑剂困难; CO2压裂裂缝方向难控制、煤粉堵塞、超临界CO2注入难; 液氮压裂成本高、裂缝闭合速度快 等离子脉冲 近距离无巷道和复杂构造 占地面积小、无须重新钻井 成本高、裂缝长度有限、不适用塑性地层 声波法 干燥或低含水煤层 提高甲烷解吸与扩散 仪器下井难度大 深孔爆破 含气量较低煤层 体积压裂效果好、瞬间能量密度大 裂缝带较小、方向难控制、不适用软煤层 电液压裂 结构完整、饱和水煤层 无污染、裂缝方向可控、作业周期短 不适用松软煤层、有效半径在近井地带 电压裂 超低渗煤层气储层 致裂效果明显 压裂范围小、无法控制裂缝方向、电压大 水力喷射技术 埋藏浅、低机械强度、低渗煤层，薄互层、固井质量较差井 技术简单、造价低、方向可控、可同时产生多条裂缝或多层改造 流体易泄露、不适用深井 微波辐射技术 含水或高含水储层 加热速度快、易于控制 微波下井难度大 化学法 气体增透 盖层较好煤层 促进CH4解吸、溶解酸敏矿物 降低渗透率 酸化增透 孔裂隙被矿物充填煤层 提高渗透性、生成CO2置换CH4 应用范围窄、管道腐蚀 泡沫酸化 低压低渗煤层 疏通渗流通道、促进压裂液返排 地层伤害 氧化剂解堵 低煤阶效果好 提高储层孔隙率，降低亲CH4能力 氧化剂成本高 生物法 微生物增透 本源和外源微生物具备降解煤岩产CH4能力 增强煤层含气量 合适的微生物和繁殖环境、微生物法见效时间长 其他方法 洗井 井壁稳定型煤层 清洗煤粉，实现井筒解堵 无法清洗砂粒 洗泵 井壁稳定型煤层 确保煤层气连续稳定排采; 降低卡泵概率 煤粉清除不彻底; 可能损伤井筒 动压调节、负压抽采 井壁稳定型煤层 稳定连续生产、提高开发效率 压力控制选择、储层敏感性 井网改造 钻井数较多煤层 提高区块开发效率 增加施工成本 
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表 2 不同裂缝形态产能评价
Table 2. Productivity evaluation under different fracture morphologies
井号 SN-562D4 SN02-2D SN-169 裂缝半长/m 90.1 85.6 71.3 缝高/m 31 27.6 35.1 缝长与缝高之比 2.91 3.10 2.03 实际缝高与厚度之比 3.73 4.46 5.67 裂缝形态特征 高短缝 高短缝 宽短缝 压前日产气量/(m3·d-1) 40 0 200 压前日产水量/(m3·d-1) 0.2 1.5 2.2 压后日产气量/(m3·d-1) 888 2 448 0 压后日产水量/(m3·d-1) 1.2 0.4 0.5
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表 3 不同地质条件二次改造技术选择
Table 3. Technical selection of secondary reconstruction under different geological conditions
构造平缓区 断裂发育区 褶皱发育区 地质特点 原生结构煤为主 断层发育区、储层裂隙发育 褶皱发育、煤体结构破碎 低产原因 压裂效果差，有效缝长短 压裂沟通大裂隙、储层未能有效造缝 裂缝延伸距离短、支撑差，煤粉堵塞 工艺设计 中大规模压裂、分段加砂 暂堵转向压裂，前置液加砂 顶板压裂
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